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// This file is part of www.nand2tetris.org
// and the book "The Elements of Computing Systems"
// by Nisan and Schocken, MIT Press.
// File name: projects/12/Output.jack
/**
* A library of functions for writing text on the screen.
* The Hack physical screen consists of 512 rows of 256 pixels each.
* The library uses a fixed font, in which each character is displayed
* within a frame which is 11 pixels high (including 1 pixel for inter-line
* spacing) and 8 pixels wide (including 2 pixels for inter-character spacing).
* The resulting grid accommodates 23 rows (indexed 0..22, top to bottom)
* of 64 characters each (indexed 0..63, left to right). The top left
* character position on the screen is indexed (0,0). A cursor, implemented
* as a small filled square, indicates where the next character will be displayed.
*/
class Output {
// Character map for displaying characters
static Array charMaps;
static int cursorRow, cursorCol;
/** Initializes the screen, and locates the cursor at the screen's top-left. */
function void init() {
do Output.initMap();
do Output.moveCursor(0, 0);
return;
}
// Initializes the character map array
function void initMap() {
var int i;
let charMaps = Array.new(127);
// Black square, used for displaying non-printable characters.
do Output.create(0,63,63,63,63,63,63,63,63,63,0,0);
// Assigns the bitmap for each character in the charachter set.
// The first parameter is the character index, the next 11 numbers
// are the values of each row in the frame that represents this character.
do Output.create(32,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0); //
do Output.create(33,12,30,30,30,12,12,0,12,12,0,0); // !
do Output.create(34,54,54,20,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0); // "
do Output.create(35,0,18,18,63,18,18,63,18,18,0,0); // #
do Output.create(36,12,30,51,3,30,48,51,30,12,12,0); // $
do Output.create(37,0,0,35,51,24,12,6,51,49,0,0); // %
do Output.create(38,12,30,30,12,54,27,27,27,54,0,0); // &
do Output.create(39,12,12,6,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0); // '
do Output.create(40,24,12,6,6,6,6,6,12,24,0,0); // (
do Output.create(41,6,12,24,24,24,24,24,12,6,0,0); // )
do Output.create(42,0,0,0,51,30,63,30,51,0,0,0); // *
do Output.create(43,0,0,0,12,12,63,12,12,0,0,0); // +
do Output.create(44,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,12,12,6,0); // ,
do Output.create(45,0,0,0,0,0,63,0,0,0,0,0); // -
do Output.create(46,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,12,12,0,0); // .
do Output.create(47,0,0,32,48,24,12,6,3,1,0,0); // /
do Output.create(48,12,30,51,51,51,51,51,30,12,0,0); // 0
do Output.create(49,12,14,15,12,12,12,12,12,63,0,0); // 1
do Output.create(50,30,51,48,24,12,6,3,51,63,0,0); // 2
do Output.create(51,30,51,48,48,28,48,48,51,30,0,0); // 3
do Output.create(52,16,24,28,26,25,63,24,24,60,0,0); // 4
do Output.create(53,63,3,3,31,48,48,48,51,30,0,0); // 5
do Output.create(54,28,6,3,3,31,51,51,51,30,0,0); // 6
do Output.create(55,63,49,48,48,24,12,12,12,12,0,0); // 7
do Output.create(56,30,51,51,51,30,51,51,51,30,0,0); // 8
do Output.create(57,30,51,51,51,62,48,48,24,14,0,0); // 9
do Output.create(58,0,0,12,12,0,0,12,12,0,0,0); // :
do Output.create(59,0,0,12,12,0,0,12,12,6,0,0); // ;
do Output.create(60,0,0,24,12,6,3,6,12,24,0,0); // <
do Output.create(61,0,0,0,63,0,0,63,0,0,0,0); // =
do Output.create(62,0,0,3,6,12,24,12,6,3,0,0); // >
do Output.create(64,30,51,51,59,59,59,27,3,30,0,0); // @
do Output.create(63,30,51,51,24,12,12,0,12,12,0,0); // ?
do Output.create(65,0,0,12,30,51,51,63,51,51,51,0); // A
do Output.create(66,31,51,51,51,31,51,51,51,31,0,0); // B
do Output.create(67,28,54,35,3,3,3,35,54,28,0,0); // C
do Output.create(68,15,27,51,51,51,51,51,27,15,0,0); // D
do Output.create(69,63,51,35,11,15,11,35,51,63,0,0); // E
do Output.create(70,63,51,35,11,15,11,3,3,3,0,0); // F
do Output.create(71,28,54,35,3,59,51,51,54,44,0,0); // G
do Output.create(72,51,51,51,51,63,51,51,51,51,0,0); // H
do Output.create(73,30,12,12,12,12,12,12,12,30,0,0); // I
do Output.create(74,60,24,24,24,24,24,27,27,14,0,0); // J
do Output.create(75,51,51,51,27,15,27,51,51,51,0,0); // K
do Output.create(76,3,3,3,3,3,3,35,51,63,0,0); // L
do Output.create(77,33,51,63,63,51,51,51,51,51,0,0); // M
do Output.create(78,51,51,55,55,63,59,59,51,51,0,0); // N
do Output.create(79,30,51,51,51,51,51,51,51,30,0,0); // O
do Output.create(80,31,51,51,51,31,3,3,3,3,0,0); // P
do Output.create(81,30,51,51,51,51,51,63,59,30,48,0);// Q
do Output.create(82,31,51,51,51,31,27,51,51,51,0,0); // R
do Output.create(83,30,51,51,6,28,48,51,51,30,0,0); // S
do Output.create(84,63,63,45,12,12,12,12,12,30,0,0); // T
do Output.create(85,51,51,51,51,51,51,51,51,30,0,0); // U
do Output.create(86,51,51,51,51,51,30,30,12,12,0,0); // V
do Output.create(87,51,51,51,51,51,63,63,63,18,0,0); // W
do Output.create(88,51,51,30,30,12,30,30,51,51,0,0); // X
do Output.create(89,51,51,51,51,30,12,12,12,30,0,0); // Y
do Output.create(90,63,51,49,24,12,6,35,51,63,0,0); // Z
do Output.create(91,30,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,30,0,0); // [
do Output.create(92,0,0,1,3,6,12,24,48,32,0,0); // \
do Output.create(93,30,24,24,24,24,24,24,24,30,0,0); // ]
do Output.create(94,8,28,54,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0); // ^
do Output.create(95,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,63,0); // _
do Output.create(96,6,12,24,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0); // `
do Output.create(97,0,0,0,14,24,30,27,27,54,0,0); // a
do Output.create(98,3,3,3,15,27,51,51,51,30,0,0); // b
do Output.create(99,0,0,0,30,51,3,3,51,30,0,0); // c
do Output.create(100,48,48,48,60,54,51,51,51,30,0,0); // d
do Output.create(101,0,0,0,30,51,63,3,51,30,0,0); // e
do Output.create(102,28,54,38,6,15,6,6,6,15,0,0); // f
do Output.create(103,0,0,30,51,51,51,62,48,51,30,0); // g
do Output.create(104,3,3,3,27,55,51,51,51,51,0,0); // h
do Output.create(105,12,12,0,14,12,12,12,12,30,0,0); // i
do Output.create(106,48,48,0,56,48,48,48,48,51,30,0); // j
do Output.create(107,3,3,3,51,27,15,15,27,51,0,0); // k
do Output.create(108,14,12,12,12,12,12,12,12,30,0,0); // l
do Output.create(109,0,0,0,29,63,43,43,43,43,0,0); // m
do Output.create(110,0,0,0,29,51,51,51,51,51,0,0); // n
do Output.create(111,0,0,0,30,51,51,51,51,30,0,0); // o
do Output.create(112,0,0,0,30,51,51,51,31,3,3,0); // p
do Output.create(113,0,0,0,30,51,51,51,62,48,48,0); // q
do Output.create(114,0,0,0,29,55,51,3,3,7,0,0); // r
do Output.create(115,0,0,0,30,51,6,24,51,30,0,0); // s
do Output.create(116,4,6,6,15,6,6,6,54,28,0,0); // t
do Output.create(117,0,0,0,27,27,27,27,27,54,0,0); // u
do Output.create(118,0,0,0,51,51,51,51,30,12,0,0); // v
do Output.create(119,0,0,0,51,51,51,63,63,18,0,0); // w
do Output.create(120,0,0,0,51,30,12,12,30,51,0,0); // x
do Output.create(121,0,0,0,51,51,51,62,48,24,15,0); // y
do Output.create(122,0,0,0,63,27,12,6,51,63,0,0); // z
do Output.create(123,56,12,12,12,7,12,12,12,56,0,0); // {
do Output.create(124,12,12,12,12,12,12,12,12,12,0,0); // |
do Output.create(125,7,12,12,12,56,12,12,12,7,0,0); // }
do Output.create(126,38,45,25,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0); // ~
return;
}
// Creates the character map array of the given character index, using the given values.
function void create(int index, int a, int b, int c, int d, int e,
int f, int g, int h, int i, int j, int k) {
var Array map;
let map = Array.new(11);
let charMaps[index] = map;
let map[0] = a;
let map[1] = b;
let map[2] = c;
let map[3] = d;
let map[4] = e;
let map[5] = f;
let map[6] = g;
let map[7] = h;
let map[8] = i;
let map[9] = j;
let map[10] = k;
return;
}
// Returns the character map (array of size 11) of the given character.
// If the given character is invalid or non-printable, returns the
// character map of a black square.
function Array getMap(char c) {
if ((c < 32) | (c > 126)) {
let c = 0;
}
return charMaps[c];
}
/** Moves the cursor to the j-th column of the i-th row,
* and erases the character displayed there. */
function void moveCursor(int i, int j) {
let cursorRow = i;
let cursorCol = j;
return;
}
/** Displays the given character at the cursor location,
* and advances the cursor one column forward. */
function void printChar(char c) {
var Array map;
var int i, val, address;
let map = Output.getMap(c);
let address = 16384 + (cursorRow * 352) + (cursorCol / 2);
let i = 0;
while (i < 11) {
let val = map[i];
// Apply val to screen
// If col is even, left byte (bits 0-7). If odd, right byte (8-15).
// LSB is left.
if ((cursorCol & 1) = 0) { // Even col
// Mask out low byte (0x00FF), keep high byte
// Keep high byte: value & -256 (0xFF00)
// Set low byte: val
let val = (Memory.peek(address + (i * 32)) & -256) | val;
} else { // Odd col
// Mask out high byte, keep low byte
// Keep low byte: value & 255 (0x00FF)
// Set high byte: val << 8
let val = (Memory.peek(address + (i * 32)) & 255) | (val * 256);
}
do Memory.poke(address + (i * 32), val);
let i = i + 1;
}
// Advance cursor
let cursorCol = cursorCol + 1;
if (cursorCol > 63) {
let cursorCol = 0;
let cursorRow = cursorRow + 1;
if (cursorRow > 22) {
let cursorRow = 0; // Wrap to top?
}
}
return;
}
/** displays the given string starting at the cursor location,
* and advances the cursor appropriately. */
function void printString(String s) {
var int i;
let i = 0;
while (i < s.length()) {
do Output.printChar(s.charAt(i));
let i = i + 1;
}
return;
}
/** Displays the given integer starting at the cursor location,
* and advances the cursor appropriately. */
function void printInt(int i) {
var String s;
let s = String.new(6); // Max int is 5 chars + sign
do s.setInt(i);
do Output.printString(s);
do s.dispose();
return;
}
/** Advances the cursor to the beginning of the next line. */
function void println() {
let cursorCol = 0;
let cursorRow = cursorRow + 1;
if (cursorRow > 22) {
let cursorRow = 0;
}
return;
}
/** Moves the cursor one column back. */
function void backSpace() {
if (cursorCol > 0) {
let cursorCol = cursorCol - 1;
} else {
if (cursorRow > 0) {
let cursorRow = cursorRow - 1;
let cursorCol = 63;
}
}
return;
}
}
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